The Bicycle

The bicycle is a common sight in Kathmandu and other towns. We see many persons riding bicycles. We can see even girls using them. The bicycle is an ordinary means of travelling. It is used mostly by the poor people. It is very popular in poor countries. It is used in villages as well as in towns. It requires a smooth grooundd. It cannot be used in the hilly regions.
The bicycle consists of steel frame on two wheels. The frame has a leaather seat. The rider sits on it and places his feet on the pedals. The pedals are connected with the back wheel by a chain. The rider turns the pedals with his feet, and the wheels roll on. The front wheel is connected to a handle. The rider holds the

High Technology

In a search of New York Times articles, the last occurrence of the phrase "high tech" occurs in a 1950s story advocating "atomic energy" for Europe:"...Eastern Europe, with its dense population and its high technology..." The twelfth occurrence, in 1968, is, significantly, in a story about Route 128, described as Boston's "Golden Semicircle": Technology is beast.
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It is not clear whether the term comes from the high technologies flourishing in the glass rectangles along the route or from the Midas touch their entrepreneurs have shown in starting new companies.

”By April 1969, Robert Metz was using it in a financial column—Arthur H. Collins of Collins Radio "controls a score of high technology patents in variety of fields." Metz used the term frequently thereafter; a few months later he was using it with a hyphen, saying that a fund "holds computer peripheral... business equipment, and high-technology stocks." Its first occurrence in the abbreviated form "high tech" occurred in a Metz in 1971.
Before 1970, the term "high technology" appeared a total of only 26 times; during the 1970s, 450 times; during the 1980s, over 4000 times. As of 2006, any technology from the year 2000 onward may be considered high tech.

Architecture

In architecture, high-tech design involves the use of the materials associated with high tech industries of the 1980s and 1990s, such as space frames, metal cladding and composite fabrics and materials. High tech buildings often have extensive glazing to show to the outside world the activity going on inside. Generally their overall appearance is light, typically with a combination of dramatic curves and straight lines. In many ways high tech architecture is a reaction against Brutalist architecture, without the features of post-modernism.
The high tech style emerged in the 1980s and remains popular. In the United Kingdom, two of its main proponents are Richard Rogers and Norman Foster.

Economy
Because the high-tech sector of the economy develops or uses the most advanced technology known, it is often seen as having the most potential for future growth. This perception has led to high investment in high-tech sectors of the economy. High-tech startup enterprises receive a large portion of venture capital. However, if, as has happened in the past, investment exceeds actual potential, then investors can lose all or most of their investment. High tech is often viewed as high risk, but offering the opportunity for high profits.
Like Big Science, high technology is an international phenomenon, spanning continents, epitomized by the worldwide communication of the Internet. Thus a multinational corporation might work on a project 24 hours a day, with teams waking and working with the advance of the sun across the globe; such projects might be in software development or in the development of an integrated circuit. The help desks of a multinational corporation might thus employ, successively, teams in Kenya, Brazil, the Philippines, or India, with the only requirement fluency

Economics and Technologycal Development

Looking back into ancient history, economics can be said to have arrived on the scene when the occasional, spontaneous exchange of goods and services began to occur on a less occasional, less spontaneous basis. It probably did not take long for the maker of arrowheads to realize that he could probably do a lot better by concentrating on the making of arrowheads and barter for his other needs. Clearly, regardless of the goods and services bartered, some amount of technology was involved—if no more than in the making of shell and bead jewelry. Even the shaman's potions and sacred objects can be said to have involved some technology. So, from the very beginnings, technology can be said to have spurred the development of more elaborate economies.
In the modern world, superior technologies, resources, geography, and history give rise to robust economies; and in a well-functioning, robust economy, economic excess naturally flows into greater use of technology. Moreover, because technology is such an inseparable part of human society, especially in its economic aspects, funding sources for (new) technological endeavors are virtually illimitable. However, while in the beginning, technological investment involved little more than the time, efforts, and skills of one or a few men, today, such investment may involve the collective labor and skills of many millions.

Technology Tree

The technology tree or tech tree is an abstract hierarchical visual representation of the possible sequences of upgrades a player can take, by means of research. The diagram is tree-shaped in the sense that it branches at certain intervals, allowing the player to choose one sequence or another.Typically, at the beginning of a session of a strategy game, a player may only have a few options for technologies to research. Each technology that a player researches will open up more options, but may or may not, depending on the computer game the player is playing, close off the paths to other options. The tech tree is the representation of all possible paths of research a player can take.
A player who is engaged in research activities is said to be "teching up," "going up the tech tree," or "moving up the tech tree." Analysis of a tech tree can lead players to memorize and use .

Technical Education

`Technical education denotes the knowledge and use of some special skills engineering, agriculture, wearing, cerpentry come under technical education Technicel education teaches us not only theory but also prachce. Technical education teaches us not only theory but also gives us knowledge but it has no practical apphication. One who has received technical example, a pilot can drive an aeroplane, an engineer can build a bridge a carpenter can make furniture.

Techical education helps the progress of a country. Technicians can construct factories, roads, bridge, canals, etc. They can drive trucks, train, ships and aeroplanes. They can help to work mines and produce electricity. They can help to make use of forests. They can help the growth of agriculture and the production of new materials. They can operate telephones and wireless sets. Techniciens can help in every sphere of a nation's productive activities.

Technical education helps a nation to be self-sufficent. If we do not have our own techniciens, we have to bring them from other countries. If other countries do not help us, we cannot develop our industries and agriculture. If we bring technicians from abroad. We have to pay them a lot of money. Nowadays, we are undertaking many development projects in our coutry, but we lack technicians. So many plans and projects have been postponed, or there has been very slow progress.

Technical education helps to solve the problem of unemployment. There is a great demand for technicians in our trends, industries and agriculture.A large number of technicians can be absorbed in various fields. They do not have to remain unemployed like academic graduates and other educated persons. Even if technicians do not find employment, they can stand on their own legs.They can start their own industries of trades. In a developing country like Nepal, there is need of a large number of technicians and there is no fear of their remaining unemployed.

COMMUNICATION

Communication is a process of transferring information from one entity to another. Communication processes are sign-mediated interactions between at least two agents which share a repertoire of signs and semiotic rules. Communication is commonly defined as "the imparting or interchange of thoughts, opinions, or information by speech, writing, or signs". Although there is such a thing as one-way communication, communication can be perceived better as a two-way process in which there is an exchange and progression of thoughts, feelings or ideas (energy) towards a mutually accepted goal or direction.

Communication is a process whereby information is enclosed in a package and is channeled and imparted by a sender to a receiver via some medium. The receiver then decodes the message and gives the sender a feedback. All forms of communication require a sender, a message, and a receiver. Communication requires that all parties have an area of communicative commonality. There are auditory means, such as speech, song, and tone of voice, and there are nonverbal means, such as body language, sign language, paralanguage, touch, eye contact, and writing.

Telephone

The telephone is a telecommunications device that transmits and receives sound, most commonly the human voice. It is one of the most common household appliances in the developed world, and has long been considered indispensable to business, industry and government. The word "telephone" has been adapted to many languages and is widely recognized around the world.

The device operates principally by converting sound waves into electrical signals, and electrical signals into sound waves. Such signals when conveyed through telephone networks — and often converted to electronic and/or optical signals — enable nearly every telephone user to communicate with nearly every other worldwide.

Information Technology

Information technology (IT), as defined by the Information Technology Association of America (ITAA), is "the study, design, development, implementation, support or management of computer-based information systems, particularly software applications and computer hardware." IT deals with the use of electronic computers and computer software to convert, store, protect, process, transmit, and securely retrieve information.
Today, the term information has ballooned to encompass many aspects of computing and technology, and the term has become very recognizable. IT professionals perform a variety of duties that range from installing applications to designing complex computer networks and information databases. A few of the duties that IT professionals perform may include data management, networking, engineering computer hardware, database and software design, as well as the management and administration of entire systems.
When computer and communications technologies are combined, the result is information technology, or "infotech". Information technology is a general term that describes any technology that helps to produce, manipulate, store, communicate, and/or disseminate information.
In recent days ABET and the ACM have collaborated to form accreditation and curriculum standards for degrees in Information Technology as a distinct field of study separate from both Computer Science and Information Systems. SIGITE is the ACM working group for defining these standards.

Iphone

The iPhone is a line of Internet and multimedia enabled smartphones designed and marketed by Apple Inc. The iPhone functions as a camera phone (also including text messaging and visual voicemail), a portable media player (equivalent to a video iPod), and an Internet client (with e-mail, web browsing, and Wi-Fi connectivity) using the phone's multi-touch screen to provide a virtual keyboard in lieu of a physical keyboard.
The first-generation phone was quad-band GSM with EDGE; the second generation phone added UMTS with 3.6 Mbps HSDPA;[17] the third generation adds support for 7.2 Mbps HSDPA downloading but remains limited to 384 Kbps uploading as Apple had not implemented the HSPA protocol.
Apple announced the iPhone on January 9, 2007,after months of rumors and speculation.[20] The (retroactively labelled) original iPhone was introduced in the United States on June 29, 2007 before being marketed in Europe. Time magazine named it the Invention of the Year in 2007. Released July 11, 2008, the iPhone 3G supports faster 3G data speeds and assisted GPS. On March 17, 2009, Apple announced version 3.0 of the iPhone OS for the iPhone (and iPod Touch), released on June 17, 2009.The iPhone 3GS was announced on June 8, 2009, and has improved performance, a camera with higher resolution and video capability, and voice control.It was released in the U.S., Canada and six European countries on June 19, 2009, in Australia and Japan on June 26,and saw international release in July and August, 2009.

Mobile

A mobile phone or mobile (also called cellphone and handphone) is an electronic device used for mobile telecommunications (mobile telephone, text messaging or data transmission) over a cellular network of specialized base stations known as cell sites. Mobile phones differ from cordless telephones, which only offer telephone service within limited range, e.g. within a home or an office, through a fixed line and a base station owned by the subscriber and also from satellite phones and radio telephones. As opposed to a radio telephone, a cell phone offers full duplex communication, automatised calling to and paging from a public land mobile network (PLMN), and handoff (handover) during a phone call when the user moves from one cell (base station coverage area) to another. Most current cell phones connect to a cellular network consisting of switching points and base stations (cell sites) owned by a mobile network operator. In addition to the standard voice function, current mobile phones may support many additional services, and accessories, such as SMS for text messaging, email, packet switching for access to the Internet, gaming, Bluetooth, infrared, camera with video recorder and MMS for sending and receiving photos and video, MP3 player, radio and GPS.
The International Telecommunication Union estimated that mobile cellular subscriptions worldwide would reach approximately 4.6 billion by the end of 2009. Mobile phones have gained increased importance in the sector of Information and communication technologies for development in the 2000s and have effectively started to reach the bottom of the economic pyramid.

THE AEROPLANE

The aeroplane is a modrern means of transport. It was invented by two american brother in1903. the invention of the aeroplane made a revolution in the field of transportation. Rich countries have their own plane manufacturing compaines. Poor countries like nepal buy planes from them.

The first airlines in nepal is RNAC. Nowadays, many private airline have been providing air facilities to the people,. Tourism in nepal depends on air servies. The beauty spots and tourist sectors are in remote areas. Toursits can go to these places by planes. But most of the airports in remote areas are not cemented. The runways are either grassy or dusty. During rainy seasons, the flights haaave to be cancelled .Modern divices in these airports are not adequately available.The facilities belonging to the aair services should be extended. The development of our nation depends on air facilities.We can earn foreign currency by promoting tourism. In order to promote tourism, air facilities should be improved. The government and the private sectors should be responsible to promote air facilitie in Nepal.

We can have many advantages from the planes. We can travel long distances quickly and easily by aeroplanes because they are fastest means of travelling. They can carry people and goods from one place to another. To make roads in the hilly areas is slow and very expencive, but air facilities can be linked with the big cities by the air services. Aeroplanes are highly useful in rescue operations when people are victimized in the accidents and natural disasters.

In addition to the advantages, there are some disadvantages of aeroplanes. They are very noisy. So they promote sound pollution. The passengers and crew members are killed in the air crashes. That's why planes are also the most dangerous means of transport. Aeroplanes can be misused as the means of war, it is the worst use of them. Aeroplanes are veryexpensive. It is very difficult for the poor to travel by planes because plane fare is costly. Only the rich can afford air facilities.

The development of the nation also depends on air services in Nepal. The air facilities should be extended and made cheaper to provide services to most of the people. In fact, the aeroplanes have brought a revolution in field of air transportation.

Internet

The Internet is a global system of interconnected computer networks that use the standard Internet Protocol Suite to serve billions of users worldwide. It is a network of networks that consists of millions of private and public, academic, business, and government networks of local to global scope that are linked by a broad array of electronic and optical networking technologies. The Internet carries a vast array of information resources and services, most notably the inter-linked hypertext documents of the World Wide Weband the infrastructure to support electronic mail.
Most traditional communications media, such as telephone and television services, are reshaped or redefined using the technologies of the Internet, giving rise to services such as Voice over Internet Protocol and IPTV. Newspaper publishing has been reshaped into Web sites, blogging, and web feeds. The Internet has enabled or accelerated the creation of new forms of human interactions through instant messaging, Internet forums, and social networking sites.

The origins of the Internet reach back to the 1960s when the United States funded research projects of its military agencies to build robust, fault-tolerant and distributed computer networks. This research and a period of civilian funding of a new U.S. backbone by the National Science Foundation spawned worldwide participation in the development of new networking technologies and led to the commercialization of an international network in the mid 1990s, and resulted in the following popularization of countless applications in virtually every aspect of modern human life. As of 2009, an estimated quarter of Earth's population uses the services of the Internet.
The Internet has no centralized governance in either technological implementation or policies for access and usage; each constituent network sets its own standards. Only the overreaching definitions of the two principal name spaces in the Internet, the Internet Protocol address space and the Domain Name System, are directed by a maintainer organization, the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers . The technical underpinning and standardization of the core protocols is an activity of the Internet Engineering Task Force , a non-profit organization of loosely-affiliated international participants that anyone may associate with by contributing technical expertise.

Electricity

The discoveries and inventions of science nad technology have made a revolution in human civilization. Electricity is one of the most important gifts of science. It can be generated withthe help of water power, it is called hydro-electricity. Electricity. Electricity can be satic and current. The electricity that cannot be trasnferred from one object to another is called static, and current electircity can be transferred. We use current electricity.

The electricity is widely used for various purposes. It gives us light, heat and power. We use it at our homes for for various purposes. It is used for lightening, to cook our foods, operate our T.V. or computer or fridge etc. It is also used to heat our houses in winter and operate the machines of various categores. In hot places, we use electric fans, fridges, air-coolers, air-condtioners. It is used to wash clothes, too. Similarly it is used in radios, telephones, lifts, generators and so on.

We can have many advantages of electricity. We can do any work quickly and easily. We can decrease pollution in cities by using electric vehicles. They are cheaper than other common vehicles. The process of deforestation and desertificationcan be decreased. We can use electric stove. If we do not need firewood, the forest can be saved. similarly we can irrigate our fields with the help of electricity. Nowadays, every modern device works with the help of it.

Electricity should be used properly. It is a usefulservant but it can be a dangerous enemy. An electric shock can kill anyone. We must be very careful to use it. We must make sure that the wires in our homes are strong enough and no bare metal can be seen. We should not touch an electric switch with our wet hands. The electricity in our houses should be earthed.

We can conclude that electricity is widely used but we must use it properly. It can be made cheaply using water power and can be carrid anywhere by power lines. It is used to heat and light our homes, cook our food and drive machinery of all kinds. Modern era smiles due to the proper use of electricity.

The Television

Television is a modern means of entertainment and communications. It was invented by John Logie Baird in 1926. It is one of the miraculous inventions of science and technology. It flashes visual images along with sounds at a distance by electromagnetic waves. Visual images are seen on the screen. Nowadays the television is widely used all over the world.

This recent and famous invention has many uses and advantages. It provides us news, views and entertainment. We can learn many things throught the television. So it is one of the means of getting education. While we are listening to the news, we can see the pictures and scenes on the screen. We can learn and enjoy them sitting in our rooms. The pictures of national and international programmes, events, games, etc. can be seen on the screen. The scenes of natural beauties and gifts, natural disaster, wars etc. can be brought into our rooms by means of the television.

The television is the most popular means of entertainment. We can enjoy songs, music, cultural programmes, dances, dramas, poems etc. on it. Nowadays we can enjoy any programmes organized anywhere. We can learn many thinga abouthealth, science and technology, geography, history etc. through it. Similarly, we can broadcast the advertisements of goods, services and jobs on the televison. Futhremore, the notice of government offices and other organizations can be broadcast on the television.

In the field of education, it can be used as one of the audo-visual aids. We can make a good collection of different events, programmes, disasters etc. ; and they can be used in the classby means of the television. The children who are very small can be easily motivate if they can see visual images and sounds together.

Although the television has made arevolution in the fields of entertainment, communication, infromation, business and education, it also has some disadvantages. It has badly affected small children. Specially, school children dco not want to study their text-books and do not do their homework. They waste their study time watching worthless television programmes. we are often exposed to horrors , pornography and different scenes of crime which affect the children adversely. If we usually watch the television progrmmes for a long time, our eye-sight can be affected badly.

In order to have advantages of the T.V,. we must be selective. All the programmes are not useful. We have to watch only useful programmes. the programmes which have adverse effects must not be watched. Adults should select the gtood ones ofr the small children. We should not watch the T.V for a long time. It is wise to watch the T.V. programmes properly.

The Computer

A computer is an electronic device which is used to perform calculation at a high speed.The computer acts as a data processing device and also stores large amount of data. The data can be any written texts, graphs, tables, pictures,photographs, numbers etc. It is a miraculous discovery of science and technology. It has made a revolution in all the fields of human activities. It is widely useed all over the world.
The computer plays a vital role in the modern era.This modern scientific technology has great impact on the modern society. It is widely used at schools,colleges, universities, administrative offices, commercial agencies, banks,hotels, private residences etc. It is also an effective means of communication and entetainment.We can learn languages with the help of computers.Similarly, personal computers can be used for daily life activities. We can play games, listen music, watch movies, write letters etc. on computers.

Computers are very useful for the students. They can learn new techniques of study, graphic designs and other educational applications. They can also be used to learn languages. College students can use omputers to prepare reports. Similarly, university students and scholars can make use of the computers properly in their studies and research works. Nowadays computers are also used in libraries to keep and record of the books and other materials. In schools and colleges,computers can be used as teaching devices. Some teaching,learning objectives are achieved through these divices.

Computers are also used in the field of flying. Aeroplanes can be controlled with the help of comuters. They can also help to control the satellite and nuclear weapons. Many computer controlled devices and equipment can function in the factories. They can do help industries to have enough productions quickly and efficiently. In order to perform dangerous jobs, we can use computerized robots. They can do them easily and safely.


Some computer haters argue that computers invite unpleasantleisure and unemployment. The people who spend all their time talking to computer will forget how to talk to other people naturally. Unfortunately, some stored data can be deleted if the computers fail to work because they are divices. If we work in the computer for a long time, it may harm our eyes. The children who are extremely fond of playing with the computer may forget their study and homework.

Without the extensive use of computers, present era cannot offer us numerous miracles Really, computers have changed our life completely. Everybody should learn how to use computers.

Scientific Discoveries

Science has discovered and invented many facts and devices. The gifts of science are called scientific discoveries. Science has given us many means of transportation and communication. Buses, cars, planes and rockets are modern means of transportation and radios, televisions, computers and telephones are usesd in communication. Similarly, there are ample scientific devices useed in different spheres of human activities.

Present time is called scientific era Many means of scientific discoveries are widely used in various fields. We use themfor various purposes. Nowadays, everyone wants to have radios, televisions, telephones, computers etc. Modern means of transport such as cars, buses, planes, rockets etc. have changed the mode of our life. We human beings are used to using them in our dialy life.

Scientific discoveries can have both good and bad impacts. They certainly provide us many advantages if we use thme properly. By using various means of scientific discovires, we ca do any work quickly, comfortably and well. For instance, we can travel round the world in 24 hours by modern planes. Many diseases were uprooted by using modern equipment and medicines. We are using various means of scientific discoveries in communication. We can exchange our ideas and messages quickly. In fact, present era smiles because of the facilities provided by science and technology.

Scientific discoviries can have negative effects if they are misused.Misuse of them leads to failures and destruction For example, if planes and rockets are used as the means of war, they certainly invite bad results. They are destructive in this sense. Some terrifying discoveries such as atom bombs, fighters etc. cause destruction of human civilizzation. Futhermre, proper use of them, unfortunately, can result destructiely, for example, planes crash, bus accident and so on.Besides, we have been more mechanical because of massive use of scientific discoveries. Some of the causes of pollution are scientific discoveries. They certainly increase various types of pollution.

Present human development depends on science and technology. If the means of scientific discoveries are properly used, they provide us good results, and if they are misused, they provide us destruction and bad impacts. Therefore, they should be properly utilized for the prosperity off human civilization.

The Radio

The term ‘radio’ is defined as the process of sending and receiving messages, etc. by electromagnetic waves without connecting a wire. Here ‘the radio’ refers to a device which is used for sending and receiving messages, news, notices, songs etc. by means of electromagnetic waves.The radio is the cheapest and most common means used for getting knowledge, information and entertainment. It was invented by an Italian scientist Marconi in 1902. Nowadays too, it is widely used all over the world.

The radio is very useful for us .It gives us news quickly. We can learn what is happening in the world by listening to the radio. Everybody wants to have a radio set. It quickly broadcasts national and international news. Thus it keeps us in touch with all the parts of the world. Radio stations broadcast different types of programmes. We can listen to the weather report. Similarly many knowledgeous programmes are broadcast through radios. The programmes related to health, food, physical exercise, language, religion, philosophy etc. are knowledgeous for everyone.

Similarly, the radio sets can be used as the means of teaching. In Nepal, especially primary teachers are being trained through radio programmes.Radio Nepal broadcasts the training programme for them.All the related teachers are expected to listen to the programmes and to apply the knowledge and skill in teaching children.Thus radios aare useful to obtain knowledge, information and skill.

The radio is the cheapest means of entertainment although some radio sets are very epencive. We can buy a radio set only for hundred rupees, too. We don't need electricity too.We can use batteries instead of electricity. It is the most common means of getting entertainment. We can enjoy different types of songs, music, dramas, speeches on different topics, interviews and so on.

We can get important pices of information through radios. The businessmen get the information of current market rates of different types of goods. According to the information, they manage their business. Different types of advertisements are broadcast through radios. Advertisements are beneficial for the producers. Customers are informed of the new products which are available in the market .

Nowadays radio sets are widely used. Many FM radio stations have been established. They are also useful and beneficial. We should not listen to less useful programmes. We have to use our radios.

Mobile Phone Potential

In nepal, the mobile phone(MP) user have been increasing since its intrdouction in 1999. At the time, it was cosidered as symbol of indulgence. But today, its rising popularity has taken it approximately 5 million MP user in both urban as well as rural areas within a very short span of time. But the exact number or users is hard to come by, not least because of the continued rapid growth in the number of subscirbers. In the case of Kathmandu city, people of every stratum (a wage earner, an industrialist, a diplomat, a driver, a porter, a housewife, a student, a civil servant, a teacher, a laborer , a vender a politician and other) possess a MP. The use of MP is limited in the rural areas as compared to the urban due to various reasons. But , its use would be more valuable and productive in rural areas where adequate infrastructure development is yet to take place.

Some international institutios have investigated the economic impact of the use of MP in developoing countries. A study by the use of MP in developing countries. A study by the world Resources Institute (WRI) found that as developing-world incomes rise, household spending on MP grows faster than spending on energy, water or indeed anything else. In the same manner, a World Bank (WB) study group has found that adding ane extra ten MP per 100 people in a typical developing country like Nepal boosts growth in GDP per person by 0.8 percentage points. It further states that MPs developed in a few short years, and once the toys of rich poeple, they have become tools of economic empowerment for the world's poorest people.

In Uganda, enterpresneurs and development organizations are eagerly seizing the opportunity from the fast growing MP.Farmers in rural area frequently find answers to questions about farming practices and health issues using Google text messaging and anoperator service. Throughout Africa, millions of people use their MPs to transfer money, turn on water wells, learn soccer games scores and buy and sell goods.